User Experience in Physical Spaces

Introduction

Communities experience libraries as more than online spaces. This project focuses on ways to support library workers in our efforts to improve the user experience of our physical spaces.

  • Design & Aesthetics: This functional area provides guidance on how to think about artwork, displays, and other aesthetic concerns in a library’s environment and how they may impact users’ comfort and enjoyment of the space.
  • Furniture & Use of Space: This functional area provides guidance on selection and arrangement of furniture and fixtures to optimize the functionality and comfort of the library environment.
  • Safety: This functional area provides guidance on different considerations for users’ psychological and physical safety, and how the built environment can impact their sense of wellbeing in the space.
  • Sensory Elements: This functional area provides guidance on how elements of the library’s physical space may impact users’ senses, primarily sight, smell, and sound, and pays particular attention to impacts on people with sensory sensitivities.
  • Signage & Wayfinding: This functional area provides guidance on the strategic placement of signs and visual cues to guide patrons through the library space efficiently and effectively.

Tagging

Items listed under Readings & Videos are tagged to indicate topics related to DEIA (diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility), User Groups, and/or Partner Groups.

  • DEIA Terms: accessibility ADA compliance disability embodiment/body acceptance universal design belonging gender and sexuality mental health neurodiversity trauma-informed cultural responsiveness language sensory auditory smell visual physical safety psychological safety
  • User Groups: campus faculty and staff community members everyone library workers student workers students
  • Partner Groups: academic departments administration alumni campus safety/police communications community partners facilities faculty faculty governance first year experience & student activities international students office multicultural center student accessibility services student affinity groups student support services

Selection

Create a customized list by adjusting selections from the following functional areas and resource categories.

Functional Areas
Resource Categories

Readings & Videos

Allen, F. R., & Moyer, M. (2021). A library seating census: Gathering seating occupancy data in an academic library to reveal furniture preferences and inform future planning. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(5), 102427-. DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102427
students academic departments
Abstract. During July to October 2018 Library staff conducted a seating use census of the John C. Hitt Library, the main library of the University of Central Florida. The objective was to record what seating was being occupied on what floors, and anecdotally to what extent users were working in a group. The motivation behind the survey was to inform furniture purchase decisions for an upcoming renovation. The existing library has a multitude of seating types purchased over a 30-plus year period, with various features. Some furniture was sound but functionally obsolete, such as lacking power. Other pieces were “state of art” installed in the Spring of 2018. Thirty walk-throughs were conducted. Major findings were; (1) Tables with dividers were twice as densely seated as undivided tables; (2) Small tables seating two to four persons were highly utilized; (3) Bar height tables were significantly less utilized; (4) Upholstered “lounge” pieces were less utilized; (5) Group study room occupancy dropped the larger the room; (6) Workstations with desktop PCs were very popular; (7) Newer style upholstered “pods” with semi private high walls, power, cubby space and task lighting were extremely popular. The findings were helpful with selection of furniture for a major renovation of the Library starting the following year.
Comments. Prior to a library renovation, librarians conducted walkthrough surveys over a four month period.
Almeida, N., & Tidal, J. (2022). Library wayfinding and ESOL students: Communication challenges and empathy-based intervention. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 22(2), 453–474. DOI: 10.1353/pla.2022.0025
cultural responsiveness language students international students office
Abstract. This article describes a wayfinding study conducted in an urban, academic library to better understand the experiences of multilingual student populations. The study, which incorporated traditional user experience methods and video ethnography, exposed communication obstacles and spatial challenges encountered by students of English for speakers of other languages (ESOL) when attempting information retrieval tasks. After outlining the methodology and examining qualitative findings, the authors discuss how study findings prompted a reevaluation of local practices, service models, and staff training protocols. Finally, the authors explore the potential for qualitative, empathy-based wayfinding studies to transform library practices and spaces.
Comments. After using a screening survey to determine participants’ language experience and familiarity with English, the researchers had students perform four wayfinding tasks while describing their thoughts. A GoPro camera was used to record the subjects’ movements. A debriefing interview completed the process. Participants spent the most time on the task of finding a book on the shelf. Library jargon and organization principles were the chief obstacles they encountered. Communication failures between library staff and participants, and limited staffing also formed a barrier. Analysis showed not only where communication could be improved, but also provided insight into power dynamics in the library.
Andrews, C., Wright, S. E., & Raskin, H. (2016). Library learning spaces: investigating libraries and investing in student feedback. Journal of Library Administration, 56(6), 647–672. DOI: 10.1080/01930826.2015.1105556
students library workers student support services
Abstract. We examine how students in academic libraries work; their furniture, technology and space needs; research methods used to determine these; and the results and evolution of our space design and assessment efforts. From the creation of a new collaborative center at Mann Library at Cornell University in 2007 to our latest space redesign in 2015, we’ve used a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods—including surveys, interviews, usability tests, and participatory design exercises—to discover the study behaviors and needs of users, applied this data to help redesign our collaborative study spaces, and assessed the results.
Comments. Lists the assessment methods used over a nine-year span of planning and redesign, and summarizes the conclusions drawn regardings space use, furniture, and technology
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2023, July 13). ACRL presents: Creating welcoming spaces in academic libraries [Video]. Youtube. (1:00:34)
Abstract. Recording of the July 11, 2023, ACRL Presents: Creating Welcoming Spaces in Academic Libraries. Members of ACRL’s New Roles and Changing Landscapes Committee and invited panelists discuss strategies and assessment techniques for making your library welcoming to all users.
Bahrampour, N. (2022). Neurodiverse navigation and disability equity in a NYC DoE Early College Library. Urban Library Journal : ULJ., 28(2), 1–8.
neurodiversity students
Abstract. The Bard High School Early College Queens (BHSEC Q) serves high school students who are simultaneously earning college associates degrees. The library works in partnership with a student affinity group called the Abled-Disabled Alliance (ADA). During the 2021-22 school year, the ADA has recommended a library renovation and a disability studies course, among other initiatives. The librarian taught “Disability and Equity in the Library,” to 13 students, many of whom identified as neurodiverse or disabled, and invited them to reflect on their learning needs. The course culminated in research-based proposals to redesign library space and services. This work complements one of our student ADA leaders’ citywide advocacy efforts in special education.
Black, M. H., McGarry, S., Churchill, L., D’Arcy, E., Dalgleish, J., Nash, I., Jones, A., Tse, T. Y., Gibson, J., Bölte, S., & Girdler, S. (2022). Considerations of the built environment for autistic individuals: A review of the literature. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice, 26(8), 1904–1915. DOI: 10.1177/13623613221102753
neurodiversity library workers
Abstract. Until recently, built environments have been designed exclusively to meet the needs of neurotypical populations; however, there is increasing recognition of the need to make built environments more accommodating for neurodiverse populations, including autistic individuals. This scoping review aims to comprehensively explore and synthesise this literature on the internal built environment for autistic individuals providing recommendations for designers, policymakers and clinicians. Five electronic databases were searched, resulting in a total of 28 studies being reviewed. Recommendations are provided for design and construction, lighting, sound, aesthetics, temperature and air quality. While in its early stages, evidence demonstrating the impact that particular qualities of light, colour, sound and spatial planning have on the human sensorium is emerging. In turn, this new knowledge is informing design decisions that are progressing interior environments towards inclusivity. Understanding the positive and negative impacts of decisions made in the design of the built environment has the potential to facilitate the participation and inclusion of autistic individuals.
Bossaller, J., Oprean, D., Urban, A., & Riedel, N. (2020). A happy ambience: Incorporating ba and flow in library design. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(6), 102228-. DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102228
sensory visual students facilities
Abstract. Much of library design is practical, out of necessity. Librarians contend with myriad changes in how space is utilized due to technologies and expectations of its users. In ‘the age of distraction,’ the library might still offer a sole space of respite for many users. This paper describes studies from architecture and interior design that may help to increase library users’ concentration and scholarship. A room’s color, size and shape, acoustics, scent, and presence of nature all influence how people feel and act within a space. Evidence regarding the experience of space, including design for well-being, color and performance, and sounds and distraction, can be used to improve libraries by incorporating aspects of design that promotes well-being.
Comments. How color, lighting and other esthetic factors affect users’ mood and cognition
Boubekri, M. (2016). Daylighting. In Lushington, N., Rudorf, W., Wong, L., & Blake, N. (2018). Libraries: A design manual (90-95). Birkhäuser. DOI: 10.1515/9783038216308
accessibility library workers campus faculty and staff facilities
Excerpt. Modern libraries are places for learning as well as entertainment. Libraries demand sophisticated lighting systems that are of high visual comfort and flexible enough to respond to the numerous visual tasks taking place in libraries. The daylighting of libraries has some unique physiological requirements that differ from many other building types. The requirements relate to the quantitative and the qualitative aspects of visual performance defined by illuminance levels, distribution of light, glare and visual comfort.
Comments. Discusses illuminance, sidelighting, light controls. Illustrated with library photos and diagrams.
Braumberger, E. (2021). Library services for autistic students in academic libraries: A literature review. Pathfinder: A Canadian Journal for Information Science Students and Early Career Professionals, 2(2), 86-99. DOI: 10.29173/pathfinder39
neurodiversity students student accessibility services
Abstract. Autistic adults and teens are entering universities and colleges at increasing rates, yet many barriers still exist to impede student success. This literature review seeks to identify these barriers, clarify what we know about how autistic students use and perceive the library, and consider what libraries in postsecondary institutions can do to cultivate supportive environments for autistic students. A common theme in the literature is recognition of a dearth of research on this topic, and thus this literature review aims to identify avenues where further research is necessary to understand the challenges autistic students face in library environments and postsecondary education. Current literature indicates that staff training, relationships with community resources, attention to sensory issues, thoughtful design of physical spaces, adaptations to pedagogical techniques, advocation for awareness in the campus community, and calls for further research are all necessary aspects of delivering quality library services to autistic postsecondary students. A successful path forward must prioritize representation, inclusion, and consultation with autistic people.
Comments. Brings together the literature on staff training, community resources, sensory experiences, and physical environments
Bright, Keith., & Cook, G. (Geoff K. ). (2010). The colour, light, and contrast manual: Designing and managing inclusive built environments. Wiley-Blackwell. (WorldCat)
accessibility universal design visual everyone facilities
Abstract. Endorsed by the Society of Light and Lighting, this practical book offers comprehensive guidance on how colour, light and contrast can be incorporated within buildings to enhance their usability. The book provides state-of-the-art, clear guidance as well as a valuable information source for busy professionals involved in the design or management of new and existing environments.
Comments. A comprehensive treatment of how to incorporate color, light, and contrast cues to enhance usability for everyone, and how to avoid practices that create barriers. Includes detailed recommendations for illuminance, light reflectivity, and more. Includes recommendations for floor finishes and patterns, doorways, and other architectural elements.
Buck, V. M., & Houzé, A. (2014). Healing library anxiety: How comparing libraries to hospitals can improve service to multicultural populations. Paper presented at: IFLA WLIC 2014 – Lyon – Libraries, Citizens, Societies: Confluence for Knowledge in Session 221 – Library Services to Multicultural Populations. In: IFLA WLIC 2014, 16-22 August 2014, Lyon, France.
cultural responsiveness psychological safety mental health library workers facilities

Abstract. In order to find new approaches to better serve multicultural populations in libraries, this paper analyzes studies about services and environments in the healthcare industry for how they serve multicultural populations and, specifically, how they reduce stress for health-seeking users. Healthcare research shows that stress can impede healing. Likewise, information behavior research shows that library anxiety can significantly impede information-seeking behavior.

Multicultural users have a high risk of experiencing library anxiety because of the multiple causes of stress that they encounter. Healthcare research shows that creating environments that reduce stress and enhance well-being for patients improves the healing process. Likewise, libraries who create environments that reduce stress and enhance well-being can provide for better and more successful information-seeking experiences for multicultural users.

The three recommendations of this paper to library planners are to 1) train staff and plan physical space according to the “attitude-centered” approach of cultural competencies (a.k.a. cultural responsiveness); 2) train staff and plan physical space to improve the perception of multicultural users’ sense of personal control, and 3) enhance physical surroundings so that they aesthetically please, create safety, and stimulate the brain.

Comments: Interesting. Giving users a sense of control (including good signage) lowers anxiety. Aesthetics important to lower stress and to stimulate creativity.
Castro, R., Spina, C., & Xu, Y. (Allison). (2019). Measuring space and furniture occupancy in academic libraries: From data gathering to visualization. Journal of Library Administration, 59(6), 579–605. DOI: 10.1080/01930826.2019.1626649
students
Abstract. Academic libraries are a vital space for collaboration, socialization, research, and quiet study. To support these needs, they must offer a variety of environments, noise levels, and furniture to support varying student needs. However, it can be difficult to understand these specific needs and properly balance the types of spaces and seating alternatives to optimally meet them. This article describes a space usage study undertaken to determine patron needs and preferences and the resulting visualization of the data using Tableau Public. The project provided important insights into patron space preferences and use, and the methodology can be replicated at other institutions.
Comments. Staff collected headcount data and entered them in spreadsheets; Tableau was used to visualize data. Librarians created custom polygons to represent seating areas, connected the data, and created customized visualizations.
Cater, K. (2022). I can’t concentrate! Creating learning environments that support highly sensitive learners to thrive. Whitireia Journal of Nursing, Health & Social Services, 29, 33–46. DOI: 10.34074/whit.2910
neurodiversity visual auditory smell students student accessibility services student affinity groups
Abstract. Approximately 30% of the population has a highly vigilant nervous system that responds and reacts to positive and negative environmental stimuli in a heightened manner. The personality/temperament trait associated with this environmental sensitivity is Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS), which is measured by the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) (Aron & Aron, 1997). The hallmarks of SPS are deep cognitive processing, emotional reactivity, heightened awareness of environmental subtleties, and a propensity to feel overwhelmed if over-stimulated. This qualitative study investigated the lived experience of 13 highly sensitive (as measured by the HSPS) postsecondary learners. Results found that there were a number of benefits associated with high levels of sensitivity for postsecondary learners. It also found that the participants were negatively impacted by aspects of the physical learning environments, including light, visual and noise distraction, and the presence of indoor environmental pollutants, including scented cleaning and personal products. Recommendations for supporting highly sensitive students to thrive in physical learning environments include providing widespread education regarding the trait, institutional consideration of illumination levels, reduction of visual and noise distraction, and considering on-campus scent-free policies. Further support could include providing low-sensory spaces and establishing support groups for highly sensitive learners.
Chabot, R. (2021). Is the library for “every body”? Examining fatphobia in library spaces through online library furniture catalogues. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 44(2–3), 12–30. DOI: 10.5206/cjilsrcsib.v44i2/3.13632
belonging universal design embodiment/body acceptance
Abstract. Despite Library and Information Science’s engagement with other matters of social justice, nearly no scholarly attention has been paid to fat issues within the library. Through the critical lens of the author’s own experiences as a fat Library and Information Science scholar, a critical discourse analysis of online library furniture catalogues reveals the exclusionary ways in which they perpetuate fatphobic body size standards. Given that library spaces are often considered a cornerstone of modern democratic societies, and that librarianship claims to champion ideals such as universal access to information, the exclusion of fat bodies in library spaces is problematic.
Comments. Looks at library furniture vendors to see if they are providing necessary measurements for their products and if they have options available for all body sizes. Helpful analysis of the different types of measurements and how they can affect different bodies.
Chao, Z., Borrelli, S., Neupane, B., & Fennewald, J. (2019). Understanding user experience in bring your own device spaces in the library. Performance Measurement and Metrics, 20(3), 201–212. DOI: 10.1108/PMM-07-2019-0027
students
Abstract. Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to triangulate qualitative and quantitative data with existing data to inform on the function and user experience of a newly created the “News Library,” and, further, to inform on the viability of “bring your own device spaces” (BYOD) in meeting the computing needs of Penn State University Park students through a multi-dimensional study. Design/methodology/approach. This study leverages several methodologies for data collection, including observation, survey, flip chart prompts, interviews and focus groups. Findings. Findings suggest that the News Library accommodates users’ social needs. However, it does not accommodate their communal needs well. The majority of students at the Penn State University Park campus, own laptops and bring them to the library when they intend to study. Personal device usage is preferable to library-provided computers per a familiarity with their personal device, access to personal files and independence of workspace. Research limitations/implications. As this is a case study, the findings are not generalizable. This study was conducted in one library, on one campus at a 24-campus institution with over 30 libraries. Originality/value. The mixed-methods study provides multiple views into user behaviors and expectations. The authors propose guidelines for informing the design of BYOD spaces.
Comments. Researchers used observations, flip charts, focus groups, interviews, and a questionnaire to study student’s experiences of a designated “bring your own device” space. Makes a distinction between social BYOD spaces and communal BYOD spaces.
Cox, A. (2023). Factors shaping future use and design of academic library space. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 29(1), 33–50. DOI: 10.1080/13614533.2022.2039244
belonging mental health accessibility disability gender and sexuality students
Abstract. COVID is having immediate and long-term impacts on the use of libraries. But these changes will probably not alter the importance of the academic library as a space. In the decade pre COVID libraries saw a growing number of visits, despite the increasing availability of material digitally. The first part of the article offers an analysis of the factors driving this growth, such as changing pedagogies, diversification in the student body, new technologies plus tighter estates management. Barriers to change such as academic staff readiness, cost, and slow decision making are also presented. Then, the main body of the article discusses emerging factors which are likely to further shape the use of library space, namely: concerns with student well-being; sustainability; equality, diversity and inclusion, and colonization; increasing co-design with students; and new technologies. A final model captures the inter-related factors shaping use and design of library space post COVID.
Comments. Looks at libraries post-COVID and details trends in student needs and expectations for libraries now.
Cox, A. M. (2019). Learning bodies: Sensory experience in the information commons. Library & Information Science Research, 41(1), 58–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.lisr.2019.02.002
embodiment/body acceptance students accessibility faculty facilities
Abstract. Despite the digital shift, university libraries have grown in importance as places where students come to learn. Interest in designing better spaces has led to a flowering of user experience studies. Such research into how students use library space could usefully be informed by the theory of embodied cognition, which emphasises the role of the body in thinking and learning. This study explores students’ embodied experience of an information commons building. Data were gathered from participatory walking interviews, where students were asked to give the interviewer a guided tour of the building. Findings revealed the way that particular combinations of sensory experience contributed to particular forms of learning. Very small movements or choices seem to reconfigure space significantly. This research also draws attention to the way that different learning atmospheres are actively constructed. The findings contribute a new perspective on inquiry into the use of library space. The potential implication for libraries is the need for more fine grained analysis of use experience from a sensory perspective and for teachers and learners to more explicitly reflect on the role of the body in learning.
DeVille, Sarah D. (2020). The influence of library spaces on student engagement [Doctoral dissertation, Florida Gulf Coast University].
sensory students administration
Abstract. The design of academic library spaces has become a significant concern for library deans in recent years. While there is a plethora of literature on the design of library spaces, there is scant empirical literature on the influence of library spaces on student success. To fill that gap, I collected and analyzed graduate and undergraduate student perceptions of their library space needs and the benefits of studying in the library as it relates to their academic achievement. A conceptual framework was developed from the existing literature on college impact, student engagement, and library space design. From that, research questions were developed to guide the research design. To answer the research questions, an explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. During Phase 1 a survey was administered at a medium-sized state university in Southwest Florida. Phase 2 included semi-structured, phenomenological interviews. Finally, field notes were collected during the interviews for triangulation of the data. Through an analysis of the data, differences were found between graduate and undergraduate students satisfaction with library spaces. Differences were also found in the ways graduate and undergraduate students used library spaces to study independently, interact with peers, and interact with faculty. Graduate students also wanted separate spaces from undergraduate students. With the exception of a few graduate students who used the graduate study room, graduate and undergraduate students used the same spaces to study independently and interact with peers. Students did not typically interact with faculty in library spaces. Both graduate and undergraduate students agreed library spaces were conducive to academic and social engagement. Finally, students made several suggestions to improve library spaces to allow for greater academic and social engagement. Following the analysis and interpretation of the data, the original conceptual framework was revised to reflect the findings.
Comments. Using a survey and interview methodology, the researcher investigated library space needs/uses of undergraduate and graduate students, and how they could be improved. In contrast to earlier research, graduate students differed from undergrads on the topics of comfort, equipment, and electrical service/lighting. Students reported that the library was conducive to study and to motivation. Their suggestions for improvements are noted.
Diller, K. R., & Wallin, S. B. (2023). Place attachment, libraries, and student preferences. Portal: Libraries & the Academy, 23(4), 683–715. DOI: 10.1353/pla.2023.a908698
visual auditory belonging students
Abstract. This study examines student use of and reaction to study spaces in academic libraries through the lenses of place attachment, including appropriation, affordance, and attention restoration theories. Experimenting with new methods of research (four of six methods were new), researchers identified the walking interview as the best for examining their research questions. They found that students identify the library as a study space, and they rely on the library and those within it to reinforce the discipline of study. Findings include more detailed insight into the “study ethos,” noise or distraction levels, decor, and other aspects of study spaces.
Duffin, K. I., & Corrigan, E. K. (2023). African American undergraduate students’ perceived welcomeness at a midsized university library. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 18(3), 3–25. DOI: 10.18438/eblip30312
cultural responsiveness belonging trauma-informed mental health students multicultural center student affinity groups
Description. Artwork and displays are one of many elements of this article. Excerpt from abstract: Student recommendations will shape the services we provide for an increasingly diverse student body. Changes to make the library as physical place more welcoming include exhibiting student artwork and featuring African American themes in displays.
Edford, R. (2019). Conducting a signage inventory to improve accessibility at the University of Central Florida’s John C. Hitt Library. Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works.
belonging neurodiversity sensory visual students communications
Abstract. This poster documents the process of conducting an inventory of the current signage in the University of Central Florida’s John C. Hitt Library to determine ways to make the library space accessible to all users. It also presents suggestions for future signs, as the library undergoes a major renovation. This project grew out of my interest in a presentation on “Supporting Neurodiversity in the Academic Library” by Florida State University at the 2019 Florida Library Association conference. The presentation referenced the publication, Project A+: Serving Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Academic Library, which contained an inventory to help academic libraries evaluate the accessibility of their signage. In the manual, the authors explain that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder often learn by visual cues. As a result, clear signage is particularly important when serving this population, and this signage in turn benefits all library users. The John C. Hitt Library is currently in the middle of a renovation project, which involves changing the location of the entrances, service desks, and resources. Consequently, the need for clear signs in the new space is especially important for all students, not just those on the autism spectrum. In the summer of 2019, I used the signage inventory in the Project A+ manual to record information about the current signage in the John C. Hitt Library. I then researched ways libraries can incorporate aspects of universal design and drafted a list of suggestions for the future signage in the newly designed library space.
Comments: A poster recording a signage audit of an academic library. Inconsistency in signage appearance was a major finding. The audit also showed a lack of signage at major decision points, such as elevator landings.
Esparza, L., Fonseca, C., & Wegmann, M. (2021). Framing a gallery program: Integrating the ACRL Framework into a university library art gallery. Art Documentation: Bulletin of the Art Libraries Society of North America, 40(2), 282–303. DOI: 10.1086/716731
belonging cultural responsiveness gender and sexuality visual students campus faculty and staff library workers community members community partners
Abstract. The Sonoma State University Library Art Committee curates exhibits and develops programming for its library gallery to support the library and university missions, the library’s curriculum philosophy, and the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education. These exhibits complement various disciplines, foster curiosity, provide opportunities for reflection, present primary sources for research and inspiration, and invite campus and community engagement. The Art Committee also develops course-integrated programming and aligns exhibit components with the ACRL Framework to engage visitors with information-literacy concepts. In this article, the authors discuss examples of framework-driven curation and programming, methods for collaboration, lessons learned, and future directions for the gallery program.
Friedrich, M. J. (1999). The arts of healing. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(19), 1779–1781. DOI: 10.1001/jama.281.19.1779
sensory
Description. Psychological effects of artwork in health care settings can be applied to libraries.
Frigo, E., Fisher, E., Schaub, G., & Cadena, C. (2017). Creating connections: How libraries can use exhibits to welcome new students. In the Library with the Lead Pipe.
belonging sensory mental health accessibility universal design visual auditory students alumni facilities first year experience & student activities student affinity groups
Abstract. Feelings of loneliness are common among first-year college students during the start of the academic year. Academic and social integration into the campus community—both factors that can positively affect student retention—are critical yet difficult for any one group to manage. Grand Valley State University Libraries expanded its reach to help foster student engagement through an immersive, multifaceted exhibit showcasing personal stories of students through illustrations and audio recordings. Participants also had an opportunity to contribute to a mural. The exhibit, which ran for the first six weeks of the fall semester, provided students with novel ways to connect and identify with their peers. We will highlight an innovative approach to cultivating student belonging and detail how an exhibit can strengthen the library’s institutional relevance.
Godfrey, B., & Stoddart, R. (2018). Managing in-library use data: Putting a web geographic information systems platform through its paces. Information Technology & Libraries, 37(2), 34–49. DOI: 10.6017/ital.v37i2.10208
student workers
Abstract. Web Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms have matured to a point where they offer attractive capabilities for collecting, analyzing, sharing, and visualizing in-library use data for space-assessment initiatives. As these platforms continue to evolve, it is reasonable to conclude that enhancements to these platforms will not only offer librarians more opportunities to collect in-library use data to inform the use of physical space in their buildings, but also that they will potentially provide opportunities to more easily share database schemas for defining learning spaces and observations associated with those spaces. This article proposes using web GIS, as opposed to traditional desktop GIS, as an approach for collecting, managing, documenting, analyzing, visualizing, and sharing in-library use data and goes on to highlight the process for utilizing the Esri ArcGIS Online platform for a pilot project by an academic library for this purpose.
Comments. How University of Idaho Libraries was able to use Web-based GIS to collect data along with a custom application built by a student to create a dashboard to visualize space use data.
Gullikson, S., & Meyer, K. (2016). Collecting space use data to improve the UX of library space. Weave: Journal of Library User Experience, 1(5). DOI: 10.3998/weave.12535642.0001.502
students
Abstract. Collecting data about where people are and what they are doing is an easy entry point into exploring the UX of library space. This article examines projects at two academic libraries where space use data was collected multiple times per day for several months. The two projects were designed and carried out independently but had the same purpose: to better understand how students were using library spaces so that we could improve student experiences. Collecting space use data provided a baseline understanding of user behavior in these spaces. Similar to web analytics, this baseline can be useful on its own or used in conjunction with other forms of user research.
Comments. Researchers used a combination of sweeps, floor plans, seat mapping in Excel
Harrington, S., & Churchill, V. (2022). Planning an entry sequence with service design: A case study. Public Services Quarterly, 18(1), 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/15228959.2021.1895949
accessibility disability universal design students
Abstract. How might we plan user-friendly entrances for the library? For this project, we learned about and applied service design tools to an entry experience at an academic library. Service design means working to understand users and applying this understanding to the creation or refinement of services. After learning about service design, we created six user profiles and walked them through different entry scenarios to examine each step. Then we created easy-to-understand graphics to provide library leadership with planning materials.
Comments. Looking specifically at the entrance to a library, desk configuration, and approachability.
Harvard Library. (2023, April 14). Widener Library wayfinding study [Video]. Youtube. (41:38)
belonging sensory visual students campus faculty and staff campus safety/police
Abstract. In April-May 2022, Meg McMahon (they/them) helped lead a study focused on users’ experiences of Widener Library. Over 130 participants provided insights into their experiences using Widener Library. The goal of the project was to understand participants’ user needs and possible opportunities to improve wayfinding and services. Come see this talk from July 2022 and learn how the team used a three prong approach, staff interviews, intercept interviews with patrons, and an exit survey for users to understand users’ wayfinding needs within Widener.
Hegde, A. L., Boucher, T. M., & Lavelle, A. D. (2018). How do you work? Understanding user needs for responsive study space design. College & Research Libraries, 79(7), 895–915. DOI: 10.5860/crl.79.7.895
sensory auditory visual students campus faculty and staff
Abstract. The academic library is changing. No longer simply a warehouse of information, the university library is a place for students and patrons to study, collaborate, socialize, and learn through social activities.1 This change in use reflects a paradigmatic shift from understanding the library as information repository to understanding the library as ‘place,’ ‘third space,’ and/or ‘learning commons.’ As the paradigm of the academic library changes, it transforms academic library design.2 Because the conceptual basis of current academic library design is still changing away from traditional academic library spaces, it is necessary to continuously evaluate user needs and desires for study spaces, and what makes an ideal study space, to keep the design of academic libraries relevant to its patrons.
Henrich, K. J., & Stoddart, R. A. (2016). Library safety through design: Using a checklist approach at the University of Idaho. Journal of Library Administration, 56(7), 777–789. DOI: 10.1080/01930826.2015.1124705
physical safety campus safety/police
Abstract. Libraries are responsible for the safety, security, and welfare of their patrons, employees, collections, buildings, and property. Well-designed library spaces enhance the overall security and safety of the library building and its users. One potential tool to assist in assessing library spaces and building design is the Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) methodology. This article presents a case study in which a CPTED checklist was used to examine safety and security design features in an academic library environment. In conjunction with other safety measures, including dedicated safety committees, expert-led safety trainings, and ongoing conversations about security in the library, the CPTED checklist can help inform library conversations about building security and contribute to a safer, more secure atmosphere in which students can thrive.
Comments: A tool for assessing the safety of library spaces (written with the context of gun violence on campuses)
Hetrick, A., & Attig, D. (2009). Sitting pretty: Fat bodies, classroom desks, and academic excess. In E. Rothblum & S. Solovay (Eds.), The Fat Studies Reader (pp. 197–204). New York University Press. DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9780814777435.003.0027
belonging universal design embodiment/body acceptance students
Excerpt. Desks hurt us. Such an admission is an appropriate way to both begin this essay and explain the primary motivation behind our exploration of student bodies in class-room environments. It is through experiencing the physical pain and social shame of classroom desks that we first became interested in the issue of space and how it is distributed and policed in and through the homogenizing structures of desks. These desks are not, we argue, neutral and benign spaces; they are, rather, highly active material and discursive constructions that seek to both indoctrinate students’ bod-ies and minds into the middle-class values of restraint and discipline, and inscribe these messages onto the bodies that sit in them.
Hoppenfeld, J., Graves, S. J., Sewell, R. R., & Halling, T. D. (2019). Biking to academic success: A study on a bike desk implementation at an academic library. Public Services Quarterly, 15(2), 85–103. DOI: 10.1080/15228959.2018.1552229
embodiment/body acceptance
Abstract. Sedentary behavior has increased over the last several decades, and this has led to major life-threatening health issues. Texas A&M University Libraries has introduced an innovative idea in three of their buildings. This case study highlights the implementation of Bike Desks at an academic library while offering strategies for other libraries wishing to replicate this project, and analyzes data from a user survey. The survey explored student experiences, including perceived satisfaction and any perceived gains in study habits while using the Bike Desk.
Comments. A large academic library system installed six bicycle desks, marketed their availability, and studied their use through a combination of Qualtrics survey and observation.
Hussong-Christian, U. (2022). Impact of table sizes on consultation services use in an undergrad research and writing studio. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(5). DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2022.102565
students student support services
Abstract. The opportunity to relocate the Oregon State University (OSU) undergrad Writing Center to OSU’s Valley Library and reformat the services utilizing a studio model provided an ideal opportunity to study student seating habits to inform future furniture purchases. The exploratory study revealed an unexpected finding that students working at small tables or working alone were more likely to engage with studio peer consultants (studio services) than those students working at large tables or working in a group. Students using Studio services and sitting alone were also more likely to be working at small tables. The findings suggest that intentional furnishing decisions can support higher student engagement with the desired consultative activity, especially in spaces like OSUs Undergrad Research & Writing Studio that are purpose-designed but allow students the freedom to engage in other learning or downtime activities. This study begins to fill a gap in the literature related to student use of studio-type spaces for writing and research support.
Comments. OSU’s Valley Library studied the use of tables of various size and shapes and how that correlated with the use of the consultants in its research/writing studio.
Jackson, J., & Hazlitt, J. (2021). Hiring student graphic designers: Benefits, challenges, and lessons learned. Journal of Library Outreach and Engagement, 1(2). DOI: 10.21900/j.jloe.v1i2.823
belonging visual student workers communications
Abstract. This article explores the benefits and challenges of utilizing students as part-time employees to create graphic design materials for academic libraries’ promotional needs. The authors describe their experience recruiting students through faculty recommendations, onboarding new hires, and the project management lifecycle for graphic design work.
Jalees, D. (2020). Design thinking in the library space: Problem-solving signage like a graphic designer. Art Libraries Journal, 45(3), 114–121. DOI: 10.1017/alj.2020.17
ADA compliance library workers communications
Abstract. Librarians and graphic designers have a lot in common. Both are information professionals that offer means or cues to help users navigate, understand and solve a problem within a certain space. Without the librarian, the library space itself becomes the interface where users are offered signage to problem-solve intuitively. Because of this, effective communication via signage and wayfinding becomes imperative to the library user experience. By empathizing with our patrons and clearly articulating what the problem is, it is possible to anticipate user needs, address them by utilizing the design-thinking process, and prototype solutions like a graphic designer. However, this is not a permanent, one-time process, and it will need to be repeated whenever the needs of the patrons evolve and new problems emerge.
Comments: Reflection on signage in libraries, using principles of user-centered graphic design. Touches on user categories, fonts, reflectivity, and the process of prototyping.
Kandiuk, M. (2017). Avoiding controversy: Academic freedom and the library exhibit. Art Documentation, 36(1). DOI: 10.1086/691374
cultural responsiveness belonging trauma-informed community members faculty governance multicultural center student affinity groups
Abstract. University libraries have a range of exhibit spaces used to promote their own collections that they also make available to different communities. The American Library Association Library Bill of Rights provides guidelines regarding exhibits and exhibit spaces to assist libraries in upholding free speech and rights. The author provides a review of library exhibit policies in the context of the Library Bill of Rights and examines whether these policies support the principles of intellectual freedom and freedom of expression. The policies reveal limits on academic freedom that question the concept of library neutrality.
Karnik, M., B.A., Printz, B., M.F.A., & Finkel, J., PhD. (2014). A hospital’s contemporary art collection: Effects on patient mood, stress, comfort, and expectations. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 7(3), 60-77. DOI: 10.1177/193758671400700305
sensory mental health visual students campus faculty and staff library workers community members
Description. Nature art is often cited as having positive effects on mood. This study analyzed the effects of a diverse collection of contemporary art on patient experiences in a hospital. Patients described the effect of the artwork on their mood, stress level, and anxiety. They were asked whether the artwork reflected cultural diversity and other factors. They were also asked to respond to a number of adjectives potentially describing the artwork. Researchers found that a diverse collection of artwork could have a positive impact on mood, stress, and satisfaction.
Law, M., Karulkar, N., & Broadbent, E. (2021). Evidence for the effects of viewing visual artworks on stress outcomes: A scoping review. BMJ open, 11(6), e043549. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043549
sensory visual mental health students campus faculty and staff library workers community members
Description. The reviewers examined 14 preliminary studies intended to measure the effect of visual art on stress. The strongest findings were that viewing art does have a stress reducing effect, and that nature scenes have the greatest effect. Abstract art may increase stress in viewers who find it challenging and ambiguous. Provocative works can elicit feelings of hopelessness and loneliness, and should be chosen with caution in areas intended to produce calm, positive feelings.
Long Island Library Resources Council. (2022, January 6). Library signage and wayfinding: Best practices, tips, and guidelines [Video]. Vimeo. (1:19:36)
accessibility cultural responsiveness language facilities communications
Abstract. In this 60 minute presentation, Mark Aaron Polger will discuss some of the best practice guidelines when designing effective library signage. He will discuss the process of conducting a signage audit (or inventory), and how to use different signage research techniques in order to get feedback from users. Topics will include how to compose an effective signage message, design basics, mounting/placement, and ADA requirements. This session will be highly interactive and practical, as participants can immediately improve the quality of their signs. Additionally, he will discuss the steps in creating a library signage policy document. Lastly, the presenter will discuss digital signage and the different technical specifications needed for a digital signage system in your library.
Luca, E. N. (2016). Signage by design: A design-thinking approach to library user experience. Weave: Journal of Library User Experience, 1(5). DOI: 10.3998/weave.12535642.0001.501
universal design library workers communications
Abstract. Signage is a powerful visual tool for communication and a crucial component of the library user experience. Signage can welcome, guide, instruct, and delight users, helping them navigate the complex information world of any library. In practice, however, signage can be problematic, revealing tensions between various stakeholders, and contributing to visual noise through information overload; this often leads to signage blindness, library anxiety, and confusion. This article explores how libraries can use a design-thinking approach to improve the user experience in physical library spaces, particularly with respect to signage, based on our experience at the UTS Library, a university library in Australia that serves the University of Technology Sydney (UTS). We found that a design-thinking approach that uses the processes of empathy, problem definition, solution ideation, prototyping, and testing, can help libraries make significant and meaningful changes that can be adopted at relatively low cost.
Comments: How a library redesigned its signage with the help of a resident artist. Generously illustrated with examples of the improved, clearer, playful signage.
Luo, J. (2018). Habitual wayfinding in academic libraries: Evidence from a liberal arts college. Library & Information Science Research, 40(3), 285–295. DOI: 10.1016/j.lisr.2018.09.011
students campus faculty and staff
Abstract. Habitual wayfinding is a revised wayfinding model for academic libraries, where there is a high percentage of repeat users. Using the unique spatial characteristics of a specific academic library, this study explores the wayfinding patterns of repeat users and evaluates the impact of patrons’ travel habits on their library space usage. The GIS tool ArcMap is employed to visualize library traffic and detect potential patterns of habitual wayfinding. The impact of habitual wayfinding behaviors on library space usage is analyzed. Findings suggest that travel habits formed through past frequent actions can lead to consistent navigation preferences toward certain function units and significant usage differences even within the same function unit in a library. In addition to proposing this modified wayfinding framework and studying its relevance in explaining library space usage patterns, this study also makes a methodological contribution through a novel approach of detecting potential traffic patterns by visualizing routing data and quantifying its details at the route segment level. The framework, methodology, and findings have important implications for understanding space use in academic libraries and can be valuable to libraries considering conducting space evaluation and space rearrangement projects.
Comments. In contrast to many studies, this research examined wayfinding by experienced, repeat users. Librarians plotted the routes of users from entry to destination and coded the data in numeric form in a spreadsheet. Routes to the top destinations at different times were visualized with ArcMap. In the symmetric layout of the floor, library users heavily favored a route to the right. Researchers hypothesized that since more computers were located on the right side, habits might be formed based on past positive experiences in finding a free computer. They speculate that habit may be a more influential factor on routes used than cognition. Knowledge of habits may guide the library in planning maintenance, events, and so on.
MacLennan, K., Woolley, C., Andsensory, E., Heasman, B., Starns, J., George, B., & Manning, C. (2023). “It Is a big spider web of things”: Sensory experiences of autistic adults in public spaces. Autism in Adulthood, 5(4), 411–422. DOI: doi.org/10.1089/aut.2022.0024
neurodiversity
Abstract. Background: Sensory processing differences are commonly experienced by autistic individuals, and some sensory experiences can greatly impact the mental health and quality of life of individuals. Previous research suggests that adapting the sensory nature of environments may improve individual experiences and engagement with these spaces. However, knowledge about which public places are particularly disabling is limited, especially from the perspective of autistic individuals. Little is also known about what in the sensory environment makes them particularly disabling. Methods: In this participatory research study, we investigated the sensory experiences of autistic adults in public spaces. We used an online focus group method, recruiting 24 autistic adults across 7 focus groups. We applied content analysis, reflexive thematic analysis, and case study analysis. Results: The results of the content analysis showed that supermarkets, eateries (i.e., restaurants, cafés, pubs), highstreets and city/town centers, public transport, health care settings (i.e., doctor’s surgeries and hospitals), and retail shops and shopping centers are experienced to be commonly disabling sensory environments for autistic adults. However, outdoor spaces, retail shops, museums, concert venues/clubs, cinemas/theaters, and stadiums are identified to be commonly less disabling sensory environments. In addition, through reflexive thematic analysis we identified 6 key principles that underlie how disabling or enabling sensory environments are: Sensoryscape (sensory environment), Space, Predictability, Understanding, Adjustments, and Recovery. We represented these principles as a web to emphasize the interconnected, dimensional spectrum of the different themes. Lastly, we used case study analysis to evidence these principles in the commonly disabling sensory environments for richer detail and context and to provide credibility for the principles. Conclusions: Our findings have important implications for businesses, policy, and built environment designers to reduce the sensory impact of public places to make them more enabling for autistic people. By making public spaces more enabling, we may be able to improve quality of life for autistic individuals.
Mandel, L. H. (2017). Wayfinding research in library and information studies: State of the field. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 12(2), 133–148. DOI: 10.18438/B8395P
Abstract. Objective – Often people enter libraries focused on their primary information needs and haven’t considered their need for spatial information to find their way to what they need. This presents unique wayfinding information challenges for libraries. Papers on library wayfinding often include some discussion of the lack of wayfinding research in libraries, but apparently there has been no comprehensive review of the LIS literature on wayfinding. Methods – This paper is a comprehensive review of library wayfinding literature, using the Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts with Full Text (via EBSCOhost) database to collect the dataset. Results – Findings indicate a small collection of library wayfinding research, primarily focused on academic libraries. Conclusion – Empirical research in this area is limited. Suggestions for future research on library wayfinding, including potential foci for that research, are presented.
Comments. A review of the literature on library wayfinding.
Mandel, L. H., & Johnston, M. P. (2019). Evaluating library signage: A systematic method for conducting a library signage inventory. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(1), 150–161. DOI: 10.1177/0961000616681837
accessibility cultural responsiveness language visual students campus faculty and staff community members facilities communications
Abstract. While there is much literature that directs libraries to avoid having too much or insufficient signage, there is no clear guidance on how much signage is “enough” or “too much”. Conducting a signage inventory can be the first step toward determining how many signs a library needs, by establishing how many signs are in the library, of which type, and their condition. This paper proposes a ready-to-use method that any library can use to inventory its signage by adapting the inventory worksheet depending on factors related to the library type. The ultimate goal in developing a standardized method is that it would facilitate comparisons across libraries to attempt development of more specific signage guidelines or a formula that could calculate how many signs are “enough” and “too many” for a library given its type, population, and other criteria.
Comments. Describes the development and use of an inventory form to use in an audit of library signage, applied to three different types of libraries; concludes that a formula to evaluate the optimum number of signs for a given library would be very useful.
Mathiasen, N., & Frandsen, A. K. (2018). Lighting design as a universal design strategy to support functional visual environments. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 256, 752–759. DOI: 10.3233/978-1-61499-923-2-752
universal design visual library workers facilities
Abstract. The visual environment that surrounds us all makes us able to understand and interpret the world we live in. One of the most important players in that field is light. In general, it is useful for all of us to have aesthetic, appropriate and well-functioning lighting conditions. Research has shown that when it comes to visually impaired and hearing-impaired people it is of crucial importance in order to make their daily lives work and being self-reliant. Based on this research rules and regulation in a Danish context is studied to see how lighting design can support Universal Design in general and the specific users need in particular as described in the user organisations guidelines to accessibility. The regulations often focus on the quantitative aspects like light levels and the uniformity of the light. They certainly are important aspects however, they are not sufficient for users with specific needs. This point to the need for a broader approach to lighting design where the quantitative aspects meet the qualitative in order to fulfil a successful Universal Design of the visual environment. This paper present a general discussion on lighting design strategies and their impact on aesthetics and functionality of the visual environment based on classic theories on lighting design describe by Richard Kelly, William M. C. Lam and Hervé Descottes. These strategies are put in relation to the overall concept of the Universal Design principles and the guidelines outlined by The Danish Association of the Blind to support a visual stimulating environment.
McArthur, J. A., & Graham, V. J. (2015). User-experience design and library spaces: A pathway to innovation? Journal of Library Innovation, 6(2), 1-14. (WorldCat)
universal design
Abstract. Libraries have responded to the rapid change in communication and information technology by developing an understanding of how their clienteles perceive and plan to use libraries in the 21st century. This article positions user – experience design and specifically Don Norman’s ideas about behavioral, cognitive, and reflective responses of consumers to products as a pathway for libraries to innovate through spatial design and behavioral practices. After a brief introduction to experience design, this study connects Norman’s design levels to emerging trends and innovations in library spaces.
Comments. Approaches library space design, heavily informed by Donald A. Norman’s Emotional design: Why we love (or hate) everyday things.
McCoy, J. M., & Evans, G. W. (2002). The potential role of the physical environment in fostering creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3/4), 409–426. DOI: 10.1207/S15326934CRJ1434_11
visual students
Abstract. Two studies investigated the role of specific interior design elements on creativity. In Study 1, a photographic structured Q sort was used to determine where participants would feel most creative and least creative. Content analysis of the photographs by independent raters scaled each setting according to size, shape, light, internal organization of objects, and characteristics of bounding surfaces. Analyses identified 5 environmental characteristics that independently predicted greater perceived creativity: (a) complexity of visual detail, (b) view of natural environment, (c) use of natural materials, (d) with fewer cool colors used, and (e) less use of manufactured or composite surface materials. In Study 2, tests of actual creative performance were administered in 2 different settings. One setting had been rated relatively high in creativity potential, and the other setting was rated relatively low in creativity potential by the original participants in Study 1. Creative performance of an independent sample was greater in the setting that had been rated higher in creativity potential by participants in Study 1.
Comments. Researchers performed two studies, using a Q sort of photographs and a test of creative performance in two different settings. Natural environments, high complexity, “unambiguous organization of objects in a setting” & cues of purpose, a higher degree of texture, and fewer cool colors are among the environmental factors identified as contributing to creativity.
McDaniel, C. (2022). Art and visual displays: Reflecting antiracist and library values. Alki: The Washington Library Association Journal, 38(1), 5–8.
cultural responsiveness belonging students student workers campus faculty and staff library workers community members multicultural center student affinity groups
Description. The article presents information on how the University of Washington Tacoma Library created space for the display of artworks reflecting antiracist and library values, at the time of making space for the Center for Equity and Inclusion in the library building. It is stated that renovations were completed to accommodate the research help and the writing center along with some collections which were relocated from the Snoqualmie building.
McGinnis, R. (2021). The library as a liminal space: Finding a seat of one’s own. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(1). DOI: 10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102263
belonging
Abstract. Although library seating plays an undeniable role in the use and arrangement of multifunctional spaces, it rarely is the sole focus of scholarly inquiry. However, we were able to study the topic more extensively after furniture was moved and integrated into another building during an initial phase of an ongoing renovation project at our academic library.
We conducted a written snapshot survey of patrons in the main circulating stacks, asking them about their primary use of library space, but more specifically about their furniture preferences, including type and location. Ninety percent of respondents indicated that they actively sought out a particular type of seating. These and other data collected have potential implications for evaluating the cost effectiveness of furnishings and the optimal use of existing spaces.
Comments. WKU surveyed users to learn their furniture preferences.
Mehta, P., & Cox, A. (2021). At home in the academic library? A study of student feelings of “homeness.” The New Review of Academic Librarianship, 27(1), 4–37. DOI: 10.1080/13614533.2018.1547774
belonging psychological safety students
Abstract. A recent focus in academic library design is as a third place: a home from home. Research has yet to interrogate what it means to be “at home,, and if academic libraries are treated like, and feel like home to students. Seamon’s model provides a framework for understanding the qualities associated with homeness, across the five dimensions of rootedness, appropriation, regeneration, at-easeness, and warmth. Using this framework observations were made in two libraries using categories relating to “homeness.” It was found that students do act and feel at home in the library. Newer library designs did not facilitate homeness more than older designs. It is concluded that new library designs have the opportunity to make students feel at home by offering flexible spaces to make their own, places to retreat from their desk, and basic amenities.
Comments. Using criteria developed by D. Seamon, librarians used structured observation, student questionnaires, and supplementary methods to document the student perception of “homeness” of an academic library.
Melcher, A. (2023). Signage refresh: An academic library and a graphic design class collaborate to improve library wayfinding. The Journal of Creative Library Practice.
sensory visual students faculty
Abstract. This article describes a library wayfinding modernization project undertaken at a small, public liberal arts university with a limited budget. The project was a creative partnership between the campus library and a graphic design class to create and update physical signage in reaction to library space reconfiguration and remodeling. This collaboration combined the skills and knowledge of a graphic design professor, her Environmental Design class, and the library staff. The process is described from start to finish, including reaching out to the professor, creating a signage inventory, working with the class, selecting the winning design, communicating with campus stakeholders, coordinating the installation of the new signage, and more. This project-based collaboration could easily be recreated or restructured to work within a number of budgets and specific needs.
Comments. A small academic library worked with a class of graphic arts students to redesign signs.
Narenthiran, O. P., Torero, J., & Woodrow, M. (2022). Inclusive design of workspaces: Mixed methods approach to understanding users. Sustainability, 14(6), 3337. DOI: 10.3390/su14063337
sensory accessibility neurodiversity
Abstract. Accessible design within the built environment has often focused on mobility conditions and has recently widened to include mental health. Additionally, as one in seven are neurodivergent (including conditions such as ADHD, autism, dyslexia, and dyspraxia), this highlights a growing need for designing for ‘non-visible’ conditions in addition to mobility. Emphasised by the growing disability pay gap and the disability perception gap, people with disabilities are still facing discrimination and physical barriers within the workplace. This research aimed to identify key ways of reducing physical barriers faced by people with a disability and thus encourage more comfortable and productive use of workspaces for all. Once the need for designing for a spectrum of users and inclusive workspace design was understood, a survey was then circulated to students and staff at a large university in the UK (working remotely from home), with the aim of understanding how people have adapted their home spaces and what barriers they continue to face. Quantitative and qualitative results were compared to the literature read with key issues emerging, such as separating work and rest from spaces in bedrooms. The survey findings and literature were evaluated, extracting key performance-based goals (e.g., productivity and focus within a study space) and prescriptive design features (e.g., lighting, furniture, and thermal comfort), whilst also considering the inclusivity of these features. The key conclusion establishes that, to achieve maximum benefit, it is important to work with the users to understand specific needs and identify creative and inclusive solutions.
Comments. The authors used surveys to collect data on how users arrange their home workspaces, with inclusive library design in mind. Neurodiversity was a focus of inclusion.
Natal, G. R., & Remaklus, D. (2023). The library is my canvas: Art and experiential learning in an academic library. College & Research Libraries, 84(2), 169–179. DOI: 10.5860/crl.84.2.169
sensory visual elonging cultural responsiveness students student workers faculty academic departments
Abstract. The literature concerning experiential learning in academic libraries generally pertains to opportunities for student workers and library and information science students, along with case studies of experiential learning integration into the classroom. This article details the successful partnership between an academic library and university art program, demonstrating the library’s progression from provider of traditional resources and space for displaying student artwork to experiential learning environment for project-based learning opportunities requiring total student involvement from conception to completion. These experiences provide for unique learning opportunities, beautification of the library, and expansion of the library’s identity on campus as a learning space.
Neff, M. A. (n.d.). 8 senses of the body: The hidden sensory systems. Neurodivergent Insights.
neurodiversity visual auditory smell community members
Excerpt. Have you ever been stuck in an elevator with someone with cologne or perfume and developed a headache? Do you intentionally avoid the detergent aisle in the grocery store? Or the grocery store altogether? Do fluorescent lights make your head pound? If your notice yourself cringing as you read those descriptions, I imagine you’re someone who lives with sensory sensitivities. If you live with sensory disabilities understanding your eight senses and learning how to work with your eight sensory systems is vital. The more we understand our sensory systems, the better we can support ourselves and communicate our needs.
Nichols, A. F., & Philbin, P. P. (2022). Library usage study, the how and what: A survey of space usage at a mid-sized research library. Evidence Based Library & Information Practice, 17(4), 122–138. DOI: 10.18438/eblip30103
auditory students
Abstract. Objective. The research was conducted to understand better how and what spaces are used in a mid-size academic library. Also, the authors were interested in their users’ spatial likes and dislikes and why they gravitated to or avoided specific spaces or floors. The authors also found an opportunity to examine recent renovations that added a connector bridge to a first-year student dorm and the subsequent increase in foot traffic to evaluate its success in meeting users’ needs for varied and productive study spaces across the building. Methods. The study used a survey to gauge user satisfaction with the library’s space and environment for research, study, and collaborative work. The authors hand-distributed a survey with five multiple-choice and three open-response questions to users over three days (Monday-Wednesday) between 10 am – 4 pm, the busiest days and times in a typical week. The collected surveys were sorted and coded in an Excel spreadsheet and uploaded and analyzed in JMP Pro. Results. The 298 completed responses came from undergraduate students (n=281) who visited the first floor, identified as a collaborative study space (n=144). Respondents showed that they visit the library daily (58%, n=173) and weekly (34%, n=104). Most of the survey participants (98%, n=293) indicated that they pursued academic work in quiet spaces they occupied (75%, n=224). Interestingly enough, the noisiest and quietest floors are the areas most avoided, the first floor-collaborative, noisiest space (54%, n=161) and the third floor-designated as quiet space (18%, n=55). The final survey question invited the respondents to “sound off,” with 135 responding; 107 (79%) of them opined on improvements to existing study spaces within the library. Conclusion. This research demonstrated that students value the library as a place to study but are critical of excessive noise and overcrowding in the designated collaborative study areas. Academic libraries should consider balance when designing library study spaces. Librarians and space designers should strive to strike an appropriate balance between seating quality and quantity, acceptable noise levels in designated collaborative and quiet study spaces, and the impacts of environmental factors such as printers, food services, exhibits, art displays, restrooms, and walkways through library study spaces within the library.
Comments. Related to noise and sound in library spaces.
Ojennus, P., & Watts, K. A. (2017). User preferences and library space at Whitworth University Library. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 49(3), 320–334. DOI: 10.1177/0961000615592947
students
Abstract. The design of library space is undergoing significant changes in layout and focus. Knowing that understanding a specific library’s user needs is essential to effective planning, many academic institutions have undertaken user studies to establish user needs prior to embarking on redesign, or update of library physical space. Librarians at Whitworth University, a small liberal arts college, conducted an online questionnaire of currently enrolled students to appraise current library use and determine potential areas for improvement based on user needs. The survey revealed some unique characteristics of this user group: use of technology for study, and resource discovery was balanced by preferences for non-digital methods of resource access and use.
Comments. Describes Whitworth’s survey regarding library space and the library’s response
Park, G., Nanda, U., Adams, L., Essary, J., & Hoelting, M. (2020). Creating and testing a sensory well–being hub for adolescents with developmental disabilities. Journal of Interior Design, 45(1), 13–32. DOI: 10.1111/joid.12164
neurodiversity community members student affinity groups
Abstract. While multisensory environments (or sensory rooms) are gaining traction in the learning environments, few studies have assessed the comparative effectiveness of specific elements and the link to individuals’ unique sensory needs. This study describes the creation and evaluation of a sensory well–being hub for diverse learners with developmental disabilities and distinct sensory profiles in a Chicago public high school. The sensory well–being hub is a simple and adaptable freestanding structure with various sensory affordances, supporting a wide range of atypical sensory processing in neurodiverse individuals. Data were collected during one academic year using surveys, focus groups, field observations, sensor data, log–in sheets, and student records. Results show that the hub was used for both scheduled (preventive) visits and unscheduled (spontaneously needed) ones. The most visited elements in the hub were a beanbag with weighted blanket, sensory cocoon with tensile fabric and a media wall, and a fidget wall with various components. The sensory affordances most often sought by users were compression, quietness, tactility, and proprioception. Students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) differed from those without ASD in the ways they used sensory intervention even though the two groups were equivalent in sensory profiles (in thresholds for registration and active–to–passive response to stimuli). Based on the study findings, design suggestions were included to inform sensory hub design in other learning environments.
Polger, M. A. (2022). Library signage and wayfinding design: Communicating effectively with your users. ALA Editions. (WorldCat)
accessibility cultural responsiveness language facilities communications
Abstract. This book connects wayfinding and signage with user experience (UX) design principles to assist libraries in creating positive, welcoming signage that communicates effectively and efficiently. Take a more user-centered approach to crafting library signage with this handy guide. Well-designed signage is clear, direct, and reduces confusion and frustration among library users and library workers alike—and also complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), bolstering accessibility.
Comments. A manual that presents the principles of investigating your library’s existing signage, and designing new signage. Includes advice on accessibility and a chapter on digital signage.
Poljak, L., Webster, B. M., & Kiner, R. (2023). Exploring belonging through photovoice: examining the impact of space design on diverse student populations in an academic library. Performance Measurement and Metrics, 24(3/4), 195–210. DOI: 10.1108/PMM-08-2023-0023
cultural responsiveness belonging physical safety psychological safety students multicultural center student affinity groups international students office facilities
Abstract. Purpose. This paper aims to uncover characteristics of physical spaces that evoke feelings of welcome and belonging in a diverse student population in an academic library. Design/methodology/approach. The photovoice method was used to allow research participants an active role in shaping research questions and collecting and analyzing data. Findings. The research reveals that space design significantly influences students’ feelings of physical safety, emotional well-being and safety and ownership (or sense of belonging) in academic library spaces, thereby emphasizing the importance of considering space design in promoting student well-being and inclusiveness. Originality/value. This research used photovoice methodology to engage underrepresented student communities in providing input into the design of library spaces.
Comments: Students from underrepresented communities photographed library areas that made them feel physically or emotionally safe and described why
Raffensperger, T. E. (2010). Safety and security in urban academic libraries: A risk assessment approach to emergency preparedness. Urban Library Journal, 16(1).
physical safety campus safety/police facilities
Abstract. Academic libraries have developed a wide range of emergency preparedness policies, procedures, and training programs. Libraries have traditionally focused on the recovery of collections after an emergency. Risk assessment has focused on collections, largely as an outgrowth of valuation for insurance purposes and the core responsibility of libraries to safeguard collections. Risk assessment has rarely been systematically applied to personal safety and security. There is an anecdotal sense that urban academic libraries are subject to higher risk from property and violent crime than other academic libraries. This study examines the level of risk of property and violent crime using Clery Act data and Uniform Crime Report data, distinguishing between urban and less-urban academic environments and comparing crime rates in academic environments with the general crime rates. It provides a model for risk assessment and for the prioritization of prevention and preparedness initiatives.
Comments: Risk assessment as one possible tool to prepare libraries for safety concerns
Reed, R., & Lohnes, J. (2019). Tripping the Black fantastic at a PWI: Or how Afrofuturist exhibitions in an academic library changed everything. Alexandria, 29(1-2), 116-129. DOI: 10.1177/0955749019876383
cultural responsiveness belonging visual students campus faculty and staff community members community partners
Description. Taking Afrofuturism as a theme, librarians created an exhibition called Black Space, and asked a contemporary artist to create an installation piece in the library, bringing art into a space where nontraditional viewers would encounter it, and depicting an underrepresented community. They worked with teaching faculty to integrate Afrofuturist content into a number of college courses.
Robinson, B. (2019). No holds barred: Policing and security in the public library. In the Library with the Lead Pipe.
belonging physical safety psychological safety community members campus safety/police
Abstract. Library and Information Studies (LIS) has traditionally taken a conservative and uncritical approach to security and policing in libraries. The available literature usually adopts one of three frameworks: the liability framework emphasizing risk and its management, the security consultant framework featuring authors with private security or policing backgrounds, and the First Amendment framework seeking to balance the rights of the individual with the rights of the majority as seen in Kreimer v. Morristown. Despite some helpful recommendations from these contributions, they tend to encourage library staff to develop close relationships with local police and security guards without considering the negative effects this closeness can have on patrons who are Black, Indigenous or people of colour (BIPOC), people experiencing mental illness, and people from other marginalized communities. Research from outside of LIS has documented the negative psychological effects of police presence on BIPOC and has also established connections between the increased presence of police in libraries and the broader increase of police and security guards in public spaces. If libraries are to be safe places for patrons of all backgrounds, authors in LIS, and library workers in general must incorporate insights from other disciplines into their practice and begin to meaningfully address the complicated roles of police and security guards in the public library.
Comments: Engages and critiques common library security and policing tactics and provides alternate ways to consider safety in libraries.
Rudorf, W. Lighting and illumination. In Lushington, N., Rudorf, W., Wong, L., & Blake, N. (2018). Libraries: A design manual (88-89). Birkhäuser. DOI: 10.1515/9783038216308
visual library workers campus faculty and staff student accessibility services
Excerpt. Visual comfort is intrinsically related to light, to light’s interaction with architectural space, the properties of materials employed in forming the spatial membrane, and the elements placed inside for human inhabitation. The complex physical properties of light and light distribution are to be balanced with the physiological sensation of light perception and interpretation, the psychological phenomena connecting light to ambience, and the functional aspects of providing the relevant level of illu-minance for tasks to be performed within the space. Architectural lighting design is further complicated by the interaction of artificial light sources with the dynamic illluminance parameters of daylight.1 The perception of objects in a space, and the ability to perform a visual task, diminishes with increased exposure to glare caused by unbalanced intensity of illluminance, a light source positioned in the field of vision and by reflection.
Comments. Gives recommended illumination levels for various library areas; discusses reflectance of work surfaces
Schomberg, J., Harsma, E., Chauhan, P., & Gonzalez, O. (2022). Library study spaces and accessibility.
accessibility disability students
Abstract. To understand the library study space needs of students with disabilities by thinking about study spaces through a disability lens and using theory-based interview questions to conduct a qualitative exploration of student needs related to the accessibility of study spaces. Recommendations are provided.
Comments. Report from University of Minnesota, Mankato librarians using a disability justice lens to consider designing for accessibility and discussion of interviews they did with students to better understand their needs.
Schultz, T., Anderson, K., Smith, M. M., Mesfin, T., Damonte, H., Masegian, C., & Anderson, K. (2023). First generation students’ experiences and perceptions of an academic library’s physical spaces. Weave: Journal of Library User Experience, 6(1).
cultural responsiveness physical safety psychological safety students student affinity groups communications
Abstract. There remains a lack of literature looking at how first-generation students experience and feel about academic library spaces. We sought to help fill this gap by conducting a mixed-methods research study at a large university. We surveyed current first-generation students about their experiences with the institution’s physical libraries and if they felt safe and culturally welcomed. We then explored the results through semi-structured interviews to further develop themes. We found that while many first-generation students reported feeling safe in most of the library spaces, many still reported they did not always feel safe, although how they defined “safe” differed. Also, students expressed differing preferences for what they wanted from the physical spaces, emphasizing the need for libraries to cater to diverse study habits. Data show students used the library spaces to get in the right frame of mind for studying; however, uncertainty remains about where they are allowed.
Comments: Researchers explored self-identified first-generation students’ feeling of safety and belonging, using surveys and interviews.
Sevinc, K., & Kelechi, K. O. (2014). The effects of color on the moods of college students. Sage Open, 4(1), 2158244014525423. DOI: 10.1177/21582440145254
embodiment/body acceptance visual students
Abstract. This research aims to discover the psychological effects of colors on individuals, using the students’ union complex in a university campus. This building was chosen due to its richness in color variances. The research method is survey, and questionnaires were drawn up and distributed to an even range of students, comprising both international and local students; undergraduate and graduate. Questionnaires have been collected and analyzed to find out the effects different colors had on students’ moods in different spaces of the students’ union complex. This research would contribute to understand more about colors and how they affect our feelings and therefore to make better decisions and increase the use of spaces when choosing colors for different spaces to suit the purpose for which they are designed.
Comments. Researchers distributed 500 questionnaires to students regarding their response to various spaces and colors in a student union complex. They were questioned about whether they felt warm, or cold, excited or calm, how long they could stay in a favorite spot, where they most quickly grew bored, and so on.
Tolley, R. (2020). A trauma-informed approach to library services. American Library Association. (WorldCat)
belonging psychological safety trauma-informed library workers campus safety/police
Description. We are only now coming to terms with how common trauma really is; a landmark Kaiser study that surveyed patients receiving physicals found that almost two-thirds had experienced at least one form of abuse, neglect, or other trauma as a child. Though originating in the fields of health and social services, trauma-informed care is a framework that holds great promise for application to library work. Empathetic service, positive patron encounters, and a more trusting workplace are only a few of the benefits that this approach offers. In this important book Tolley, experienced in both academic and public libraries, brings these ideas into the library context.
Comments: Chapter 5 deals with physical and psychological safety. Discusses how some common security measures and practices can be unwelcoming or traumatic for patrons. In Ebook Central.
Tolley, R. (2020). The trauma-informed library environment. In A trauma-informed approach to library services. American Library Association. (WorldCat)
neurodiversity trauma-informed students accessibility
Abstract. We are only now coming to terms with how common trauma really is; a landmark Kaiser study that surveyed patients receiving physicals found that almost two-thirds had experienced at least one form of abuse, neglect, or other trauma as a child. Though originating in the fields of health and social services, trauma-informed care is a framework that holds great promise for application to library work. Empathetic service, positive patron encounters, and a more trusting workplace are only a few of the benefits that this approach offers. In this important book Tolley, experienced in both academic and public libraries, brings these ideas into the library context.
Comments. Chapter four deals with “The trauma-informed library environment,” largely with sensory cues and environmental quality.
Trawalter, S., Doleac, J., Palmer, L., Hoffman, K., & Carter-Sowell, A. (2022). Women’s safety concerns and academia: How safety concerns can create opportunity gaps. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 13(2), 403–415. DOI: 10.1177/19485506211035924
physical safety gender and sexuality students campus faculty and staff campus safety/police
Abstract. The present work documents the safety concerns of men and women in academia and how these concerns can create opportunity gaps. Across five samples including undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty (N = 1,812), women reported greater concerns about their safety than did men, and these concerns were associated with reduced work hours in libraries, offices, and/or labs afterhours. Additionally, although we were unable to manipulate safety concerns among women, in an experiment with men (N = 117), increasing safety concerns decreased willingness to use the library afterhours. Finally, in an archival study of swipe access data (N = 350,364 swipes), a crime event that made safety concerns salient for women was associated with a decreased likelihood that women worked in their office afterhours and a decreased likelihood that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics women worked in their labs later at night. Collectively, these data suggest that women’s safety concerns can restrict their work.
Comments: The authors conducted surveys and experiments among several groups, and analyzed archival swipe-card access data. The authors identify safety concerns as an opportunity gap for female-identifying employees and students.
Vries, B. de. (2021). Autism and the right to a hypersensitivity-friendly workspace. Public Health Ethics, 14(3), 281–287. DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab021
neurodiversity library workers student accessibility services
Abstract. Many individuals on the autism spectrum are hypersensitive to certain sensory stimuli. For this group, as well as for non-autistic individuals with sensory processing disorders, being exposed to e.g. fluorescent lights, perfume odours, and various sounds and noises can be real torment. In this article, I consider the normative implications of such offence for the design of office spaces, which is a topic that has not received any attention from philosophers. After identifying different ways in which the senses of hypersensitive workers might be protected within these spaces, I show that many of such accommodations can be made at reasonable cost, before arguing that doing so ought to be a legal requirement.
Walton, K., & McMullin, R. (2021). Welcoming autistic students to academic libraries through innovative space utilization. Pennsylvania Libraries: Research & Practice, 9(2), 83–100. DOI: 10.5195/palrap.2021.259
neurodiversity students student accessibility services student affinity groups
Abstract. “If the library can serve as a safe and welcoming place for these students, it will help contribute to their ultimate college success.” (Anderson, 2018). Certain characteristics of autism spectrum disorder can make it challenging for autistic college students to make use of academic libraries. High levels of sensory stimulation and the need to understand and comply with neurotypical social norms can make library spaces feel unwelcoming and difficult to use. West Chester University Libraries decided to develop a dedicated space for our growing cohort of autistic students to study. This article will discuss the reasons why autistic students may find academic libraries challenging as well as the considerations and process of developing a separate space for autistic students within a library.
Wang, M. (2019). The application of sensory design elements to academic library’s learning spaces [Master’s thesis, University of Central Oklahoma].
universal design students student accessibility services
Abstract. Learning spaces in the academic library provide students with the opportunity to undertake individual or group learning activities, socialize with other students, and use library sources; therefore, these spaces must meet students’ needs and expectations for improved learning outcomes and better quality of academic life. Students require different types of learning spaces depending on their individual or group work; for instance, spaces for private/alone, public/alone, private/together, and public/together, learning commons, and reading areas (Andrews & Wright, 2015).
Comments. The author surveyed a sample of 146 university students about their experience of the library’s physical spaces and analyzed the results
Warren, R., & Epp, C. (2016). Library space and signage kindness audits: What does your user see? Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research, 11(1). DOI: 10.21083/partnership.v11i1.3602
belonging library workers
Abstract. This paper presents an overview of how the University of Manitoba Libraries adapted the concept of a “kindness audit” to identify and document space, usability, and signage concerns and successes across all 20 system locations. The paper includes background on the development of the space experience report methods and potential methodological alternatives when they may be appropriate. Emphasis will be on practical, low-cost assessment, and the right of users to be comfortable and self-navigate in library spaces. The results of the kindness audit identified several major trends overall: use of inconsistent homemade signage, outdated signage for technology and exits, lack of sufficient electrical outlets, and inaccessibility issues at service desks. General recommendations for adapting kindness audits at other institutions are to ensure staff buy-in for the project and do prior planning. As a result of this exercise, a number of improvements have already taken place at the University of Manitoba Libraries. Some benefits of the audit have included safety improvements and enhanced documentation for space-related lobbying efforts at the Libraries.
Comments. Librarians conducted a “kindness audit” of their library after reviewing the literature to establish the assessors’ expectations about what makes signage “positive,” etc. A team of two university employees who were unfamiliar with the library were selected as assessors. Assessors were given sheets to guide their observations and form a record. The team were encouraged to photograph any areas that were particularly good examples or illustrated something hard to explain in words. Standardized reports were delivered to staff at each location. The procedure became a template for further investigations.
Wexelbaum, R. (2016). Assessing safe spaces for digital scholarship in the library. LIBRES, 26(1), 14-30. DOI: 10.32655/LIBRES.2016.1.2
psychological safety students library workers student accessibility services
Abstract. Background. Academic libraries, and the students and faculty that they serve, have different definitions of safe space. The attempts of both parties to construct a safe space for digital scholarship in the library can clash based on these divergent perspectives. While the number of academic libraries providing some form of digital scholarship support is increasing, the library definition of safe space, as well as the working culture of the library, has the potential to render libraries unsafe spaces for innovation and digital scholarship. Objectives. The author of this paper will address the challenges that academic libraries face in creating safe spaces for digital scholarship. Major challenges include differences in working and leadership styles among different librarians, as well as the library’s assumption that academic libraries automatically function as safe spaces. Results. To date no safe space assessment tool exists specifically for academic libraries or any organization that wishes to provide STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) related education. Using models for organizational change and strategic planning, the author proposes a series of recommendations and questions that academic libraries seeking to implement or improve digital scholarship services should investigate.
Comments: Discusses how library employees who work with technology may not have training in creating a safe, nonjudgmental atmosphere for learning, how designers of spaces for digital scholarship may not consider the patrons’ subjective reactions, etc. The physical environment of the library may provoke “library anxiety,” inhibiting use. Offers recommendations for creating a safe space.
Xiao, J., & Aletta, F. (2016). A soundscape approach to exploring design strategies for acoustic comfort in modern public libraries: A case study of the Library of Birmingham. Noise mapping, 3(1), 264-273. DOI: 10.1515/noise-2016-0018
auditory community members
Abstract. Taking the soundscape approach to a study ofthe Library of Birmingham, this paper explored acous-tic comfort in modern public libraries and measured thequality of the perceived sound environment, focusing onthe appropriateness of the spatial organisation to facili-tate users’ activities of reading and writing. The researchinvolved four groups of participants taking soundwalkswhich provided data at four main floors in the Library,identifying types of sounds, measuring sound pressurelevels and evaluating the overall quality and appropriate-ness of perceived sound environment. A human sounddominated sound environment was found in the stud-ied case. The overall soundscape quality varied amongdifferent levels and different functional spaces. However,the results showed that the overall soundscape qualityof each floor varied and was not necessarily determinedby the overall appropriateness and sound pressure level.The participants in the study were found influenced bytheir soundscape cognitions of spaces through visual andacoustic perceptions, as well as by their purposes of usingthe space. From these results, the layout of spaces is sug-gested as a determining factor of acoustic comfort, and de-sign strategies were discussed to achieve acoustic comfortin modern public libraries.
Comments. Using the “soundwalk” method to explore the library aural environment, profiling the sources and levels of sound in each of several areas. Participants rated the overall quality and appropriateness of sound levels.
Yu, Y., Su, W., & Liu, G. (2024). Case study on the construction path of olfactory space in Jiangsu University Library. Digital Transformation and Society, 3(2), 164-178. DOI: 10.1108/DTS-03-2023-0017
smell students
Abstract. Purpose. This article explores the scientific construction of library olfactory space, based on the case of the olfactory space in the Jiangsu University library. It specifically focuses on understanding the interaction between the physical architectural space of the library and users’ olfactory perception and behavioral activities, with the ultimate goal of creating a deeply integrated olfactory experience in the Jiangsu University Library. Design/methodology/approach. In this article, an empirical research method was used to gather perceptions from 30 university student users regarding the library olfactory space and to understand their olfactory preferences and requirements for its construction. Through qualitative analysis of the interview texts, the study identified correlations between user perceptions and elements of the library olfactory space. Findings. The qualitative analysis of user interview texts and results from the library olfactory space design experiment contributed to the design proposal for the Jiangsu University Library olfactory space. The design proposal for the Jiangsu University Library olfactory space is provided and includes library architecture, activity context, functional services, olfactory experience design and technological applications. Research limitations/implications. This case study takes the environment, development strategy and user needs of the Jiangsu University Library as its unique research background and as such is not universal or generalizable to other libraries.
Comments. Librarians had students experience an experimental olfactory space, tracking eye movements and physiological reactions and interviewed them, in preparation for designing an olfactory space for the library, which uses digital scent players in combination with an open, airy space.
Agarwal, A., Boothroyd, K., Burns, K., Burrows, J., Jagdeo, J., Moe, C., Nirenberg, L, & Rockey-Harris, K. (n.d.). Cornell University Library signage. (PDF). DEA 470: Applied Ergonomics.
Albrecht, S. & Albrecht, D. (2015). Library security survey checklist. Library security: Better communication, safer facilities, Appendix A, 141-146. American Library Association. (WorldCat)
American Library Association. (n.d.) Resource guide for library safety and preparedness.
Association of College & Research Libraries. (n.d.). Academic library building design: Resources for planning.
Autism Education Trust. (n.d.) Sensory audit for schools and classrooms (PDF).
Autism-Ready Libraries, Information School, University of Washington. (2023) Environmental audit checklist (PDF).
/designworkplan. (n.d.). Introduction to wayfinding.
ProjectENABLE. (2022). Accessible signage for your library.
ProjectENABLE. (2011). ADA library accessibility checklist. (PDF)
ProjectENABLE. (2011). ADA library accessibility checklist. (PDF)
ProjectENABLE. (2011). Universal design library checklist. (PDF)
Veldhuisen, K. (2024). Psychological safety checklist. (GoogleDoc)
Wood-Nartker, J., Beuschel, E., & Guerin, D.A. (2017). A checklist instrument: Sensory cues within assisted living facilities. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Care, 1. DOI: 10.14302/issn.2474-3585.jpmc-16-1213
Barber Library, Central Oregon Community College. (n.d.). Locate. (Primo record page)
CWU Libraries, Central Washington University. (n.d.). Exhibit and display policy.
CWU Libraries, Central Washington University. (n.d.). Show item on floor map. (Primo Search results for “test”)
OSU Libraries & Press, Oregon State University. (n.d.). Displays policy.
OSU Libraries & Press, Oregon State University. (2023, November 21). Intellectual freedom.
UO Libraries, University of Oregon. (n.d.). Policies exhibits in the UO Libraries.
University of Washington. (n.d.). Scout. (Additional information from UW Information Technology)
UW Libraries, University of Washington. (n.d.). Study spaces.
UW Libraries, University of Washington. (2019). Music Library space assessment (PDF).
UW Libraries, University of Washington. (2021-2022). Libraries study spaces research (PDF).
UW Libraries, University of Washington. (2024, February). UW Libraries exhibits policy.
Western Libraries, Western Washington University. (n.d.). Find a space @ Western Libraries.
Western Libraries, Western Washington University. (n.d.). Show item on floor map. (Primo Search results for “test”)
WSU Libraries, Washington State University. (n.d.). Map it! (Primo Search results for “test”)
American Library Association. (2019, July). Exhibits, displays & artwork censorship. Part of Meeting rooms, exhibit spaces, and programs.
Art Libraries Society of North America. (2021, November 30). Best practices for library exhibitions.
California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt. (n.d.). Library exhibits policy.
Cambridge University Library, University of Cambridge. (n.d.). Spacefinder.
DC Public Library. (2021, March 24). Arts and exhibits policy.
Harvard Library, Harvard University. (n.d.). Find a space.
Madison Public Library. (2014, March 6). Art policy.
NC State University Libraries, North Caroline State University. (n.d.). Explore our spaces.
NC State University Libraries, North Carolina State University. (2023). Survey on Libraries furniture and spaces.
Oberlin College Libraries. (2017, August 11). Exhibits policy.
The Seattle Public Library. (n.d.). Exhibits.
Temple University Libraries, Temple University. (2020, January 10). Furniture feedback in Charles Library.
Transylvania University & Lopez, A. (2023, March 8). Visual Arts Committee established to increase representation, enhance belonging through art. 1780: The Official Blog of Transylvania University.
Tulane University Libraries, Tulane University. (n.d.). Map it (Stackmap). (Primo search results for “test”)
University of Guelph Library, University of Guelph. (2018). Library furniture UX study – Final report.
University of Missouri Libraries. (2012, August 21). Ellis Library exhibits.

Usability Techniques

Usability Techniques to Consider for Design & Aesthetics:
  • Graffiti wall. “A Graffiti Wall is a collaborative tool that invites participants to write or draw their thoughts, ideas, and feedback on a large shared surface.” This may be useful with a small example of existing or potential artwork.
    • Bezdek, V. (n.d.). Graffiti wall. Monster Catalog of UX Research Methods.
  • Interviews. Andy Priestner suggests that attitudinal approaches to UX such as surveys and interviews should be included along with behavioral or observational approaches to UX. In this brief write-up, he suggests simple ways to be effective in an interview, stating, “The interview is not about you, it’s about your subject, but you can only fulfill this aim if you let the user speak and become comfortable with your own silence.”
  • Photo studies. “Users take photos to highlight important aspects of their lives and context. The photos are assembled into collages and studied to highlight opportunities for new technologies and barriers to their acceptance.”
    • Wilson, C., & Bevan, N. (2005). Photo study, Usability Body of Knowledge.
  • User-led library tours / Touchstone tours. “With a touchstone tour…, you are essentially flipping a traditional library tour on its head. Rather than you giving the tour, you ask the user to show you around instead.” This would be particularly useful for permanent artwork and displays.
    • Priestner, A. (2019, April-May). Touchstone tours (PDF). Information Professional, 45.
Usability Techniques to Consider for Furniture & Use of Space:
  • Cognitive mapping. Priestner (2018) defines cognitive mapping as “asking a library user to draw their experience of a library service or, more broadly, of learning.”
  • Interviews. Andy Priestner suggests that attitudinal approaches to UX such as surveys and interviews should be included along with behavioral or observational approaches to UX. In this brief write-up, he suggests simple ways to be effective in an interview, stating, “The interview is not about you, it’s about your subject, but you can only fulfill this aim if you let the user speak and become comfortable with your own silence.”
  • Love / Break-up letters. “The main reason these letters work so well is that they ask the writer to anthropomorphise library services, allowing them (and by extension, us) to access the sort of emotional responses about libraries that would otherwise only be reserved for people. Also, as with cognitive mapping, the creative nature of the task involves use of a different part of their brain.”
  • Photo studies. Library users photograph library areas that make them feel a certain way (prescribed by a prompt) and explain why.
  • Seating sweeps. “This article describes spatial analysis techniques used by geographers and other researchers of social space. It examines the ways in which these techniques may be used to map the physical layout of libraries and information centers, and patrons’ uses of those spaces.” Note: This article is used and described by many of the studies in the Readings section, including Allen & Moyer, Gulkison & Meyer.
  • User-led library tours / Touchstone tours. “With a touchstone tour…, you are essentially flipping a traditional library tour on its head. Rather than you giving the tour, you ask the user to show you around instead.”
    • Priestner, A. (2019, April-May). Touchstone tours (PDF). Information Professional, 45.

Priestner, A. (2021). A handbook of user experience research & design in libraries. UX in Libraries. (WorldCat).
This is a more in-depth resource for almost any of the techniques above. Summary from Amazon: “A comprehensive and practical handbook exploring the value and applicability of UX Research & Design to libraries. As well as detailed methodology, there are numerous case studies from around the world and insights from practitioner librarians. This volume takes you through all the stages of the UX Process, from research, to data mapping and analysis, to idea generation and finally prototyping and iteration. Written by former librarian and experienced UX trainer and consultant Andy Priestner, it is intended for use by all library staff regardless of previous experience and seeks to place the user at the heart of library service development and delivery.”

Usability Techniques to Consider for Safety:
  • Cognitive mapping. Cognitive mapping entails “asking a library user to draw their experience of a library service or, more broadly, of learning.”
  • Interviews. Andy Priestner suggests that attitudinal approaches to UX such as surveys and interviews should be included along with behavioral or observational approaches to UX. In this brief write-up, he suggests simple ways to be effective in an interview, stating, “The interview is not about you, it’s about your subject, but you can only fulfill this aim if you let the user speak and become comfortable with your own silence.”
  • Love / Break-up letters. “The main reason these letters work so well is that they ask the writer to anthropomorphise library services, allowing them (and by extension, us) to access the sort of emotional responses about libraries that would otherwise only be reserved for people. Also, as with cognitive mapping, the creative nature of the task involves use of a different part of their brain.”
  • Photo studies. Library users photograph library areas that make them feel a certain way (prescribed by a prompt) and explain why.
  • User-led library tours / Touchstone tours. “With a touchstone tour…, you are essentially flipping a traditional library tour on its head. Rather than you giving the tour, you ask the user to show you around instead.”
    • Priestner, A. (2019, April-May). Touchstone tours (PDF). Information Professional, 45.
Usability Techniques to Consider for Sensory Elements:
  • Interviews. Andy Priestner suggests that attitudinal approaches to UX such as surveys and interviews should be included along with behavioral or observational approaches to UX. In this brief write-up, he suggests simple ways to be effective in an interview, stating, “The interview is not about you, it’s about your subject, but you can only fulfill this aim if you let the user speak and become comfortable with your own silence.”
  • Love / Break-up letters. “The main reason these letters work so well is that they ask the writer to anthropomorphise library services, allowing them (and by extension, us) to access the sort of emotional responses about libraries that would otherwise only be reserved for people. Also, as with cognitive mapping, the creative nature of the task involves use of a different part of their brain.”
  • Soundwalk, recordings. “The soundwalk is an established method in soundscape studies for collecting perceptual data about the acoustic environment. Participants are normally guided through a pre-planned route and asked to give feedback on their immediate reactions to the surrounding acoustic environment.”
  • User-led library tours / Touchstone tours. “With a touchstone tour…, you are essentially flipping a traditional library tour on its head. Rather than you giving the tour, you ask the user to show you around instead.”
    • Priestner, A. (2019, April-May). Touchstone tours (PDF). Information Professional, 45.
Usability Techniques to Consider for Signage & Wayfinding:
  • Behavioral mapping. This is about observing and recording the routes that library users take, which may reveal different paths than intended by library design and services. UXSG committee members found this technique useful for thinking about preferred space layout. Andy Priestner suggests this kind of observation can help libraries remove barriers or re-locate services to increase the effectiveness of library spaces.
  • Interviews. Andy Priestner suggests that attitudinal approaches to UX such as surveys and interviews should be included along with behavioral or observational approaches to UX. In this brief write-up, he suggests simple ways to be effective in an interview, stating, “The interview is not about you, it’s about your subject, but you can only fulfill this aim if you let the user speak and become comfortable with your own silence.”
  • Journey mapping. This is a particularly useful and informative process for wayfinding questions. Identifying a common task, such as finding materials in the collection, and then asking users to document the process they go through using journey mapping will reveal common problems and potential solutions.
    • Gibbons, Sarah (2018, December 9). Journey mapping 101. Nielsen Norman Group.
    • Priestner, A. (2021). User journey mapping. In A handbook of user experience research & design in libraries (pp. 273-282). UX in Libraries. (WorldCat)
  • Observation. Similar to Behavioral Mapping, Andy Priestner suggests spending time watching patron behavior in a particular space to note things such as “whether any of them look lost at any point, the problems they encounter, and indeed whether they give up and leave; where they choose to sit and how they choose to sit; what they have with them; how they interact with others; what activity they are engaged in and how long for.”
  • Photo studies. “Users take photos to highlight important aspects of their lives and context. The photos are assembled into collages and studied to highlight opportunities for new technologies and barriers to their acceptance.”
    • Wilson, C., & Bevan, N. (2005). Photo study. Usability Body of Knowledge.
  • User-led library tours / Touchstone tours. “With a touchstone tour …, you are essentially flipping a traditional library tour on its head. Rather than you giving the tour, you ask the user to show you around instead.”
    • Priestner, A. (2019, April-May). Touchstone tours (PDF). Information Professional, 45.

Partner Groups

Partner Groups to Consider for Design & Aesthetics:
  • Facilities
  • Individuals, departments, or committees that manage and maintain campus artwork
  • Office of diversity, equity, inclusion, belonging (exact names vary)
  • Student-led organizations
  • Campus advocacy groups
  • Community art organizations
  • Alumni
Partner Groups to Consider for Furniture & Use of Space:
  • Facilities
  • Student-led organizations
  • Campus IT department (if the furniture has wiring)
Partner Groups to Consider for Safety:
  • Campus Safety and security
  • Facilities
  • Parking
  • Violence-prevention and response programs (e.g., Safecampus at UW)
  • Student-led organizations
  • Campus advocacy groups
  • Office of diversity, equity, inclusion, belonging (exact names vary)
Partner Groups to Consider for Sensory Elements:
  • Disability Resources Office
  • Facilities
  • Disability-focused student groups
Partner Groups to Consider for Signage & Wayfinding:
  • Marketing
  • Accessibility Services
  • Communication Department (or similar; potential to partner with classes)
  • Facilities

Creators and Editors

Members of the User Experience Standing Group (UXSG) created and continue to revise this resource to maintain relevance and currency.